88-中式英语之鉴_AZW3_MOBI_EPUB_PDF_电子书（无页码）_平卡姆

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V. Repeated References to the Same Thing There is one more group of unnecessary words in Chinglish that we need to examine. These words occur when, in a given sentence or brief passage, there are two or more references to the same thing. Sometimes, after the first mention of an idea, the subsequent references to it can be dispensed with entirely; more often, they need to be retained but can be shortened. We shall consider examples of both types. Repeated references that can be dispensed with In some sentences where the same idea is mentioned two or more times, there is no logical necessity for it. In the following examples, the repetition adds nothing to the meaning of the passage. Accordingly, it is only another form of redundancy, and the superfluous words should simply be edited out. A: Statistics show that from 1990 to 1994, imported vehicles totalled 960, 000 units , compared with the four million vehicles produced in the country. B: Statistics show that from 1990 to 1994, 960, 000 vehicles were imported, while four million were produced domestically. [Vehicles = units. The sentence can easily be revised so that the idea is mentioned only once.] A: A minimum of 50, 000 kilometers of road test is required for the prototype of a regular truck, as mandated by the central government, before it can be approved for quantity production. B: The prototype of a regular truck is required to go through 50, 000 kilometers of road test before the central government will approve it for mass production. [-Required = mandated. -("A minimum" can be dispensed with because the notion is implicit in "required.")] A: Now let me discuss how we can overcome our financial and economic difficulties this autumn and how we should strive for a turn for the better regarding our financial and economic situation next year. B: Now let me discuss how we can overcome our financial and economic difficulties this autumn and how we can improve the situation next year. [-The meaning of "situation" i......

1. 目录
2. To the Reader
3. Part One: Unnecessary Words
4. I. Unnecessary Nouns and Verbs
5. Nouns
6. Verbs
7. A warning about revision
8. Twenty more examples of revision
9. Twenty exercises
10. II. Unnecessary Modifiers
11. 1. Redundant modifiers
12. 2. Self-evident modifiers
13. 3. Intensifiers
14. 4. Qualifiers
15. 5. Clichés
16. The importance of judgment
17. Twenty more examples of revision
18. Twenty exercises
19. III. Redundant Twins
20. Recognizing redundancies
21. Eliminating redundancies
22. Categories of redundant twins
23. Proliferation of redundancies
24. Again, the need for judgment
25. Redundant twins in native English
26. Twenty more examples of revision
27. Twenty exercises
28. IV. Saying the Same Thing Twice
29. Forms of repetition in Chinglish
30. Dealing with repetition in translations
31. Twenty more examples of revision
32. Twenty exercises
33. V. Repeated References to the Same Thing
34. Repeated references that can be dispensed with
35. Repeated references that need to be retained
36. Ways of shortening repeated references
37. Another reason for avoiding exact repetition
38. Twenty more examples of revision
39. Twenty exercises
40. VI. Summing it All Up
41. Twenty more examples of revision
42. Twenty more exercises
43. Part Two: Sentence Structure
44. VII. The Noun Plague
45. Perils of using abstract nouns
46. Sentences based on abstract nouns
47. Combating the plague
48. A special form of the plague
49. Twenty more examples of revision
50. Twenty exercises
51. VIII. Pronouns and Antecedents
52. Correct use of pronouns
53. 1. When antecedents are not explicitly stated
54. 2. When antecedents are ambiguous
55. 3. When antecedents are too remote
56. 4. When pronouns do not agree with their antecedents
57. Mistakes made by native speakers of English
58. Twenty more examples of revision
59. Twenty exercises
60. IX. The Placement of Phrases and Clauses
61. Correct word order for logic
62. Word order for proper emphasis
63. Twenty more examples of revision
64. Twenty exercises
65. X. Dangling Modifiers
66. 1. Dangling participles
67. 2. Dangling gerunds
68. 3. Dangling infinitives
69. 4. Prepositional phrases (not based on verb forms)
70. 5. Individual adjectives
71. Twenty more examples of revision
72. Twenty exercises
73. XI. Parallel Structure
74. Difficulties in using parallel structure
75. 1. Elements linked by coordinating conjunctions
76. 2. Elements linked by correlative conjunctions
77. 3. Items in a list or a series of headings
78. 4. Elements linked in comparisons
79. Further refinements
80. Misleading parallel structure
81. Twenty more examples of revision
82. Twenty exercises
83. XII. Logical Connectives
84. Examples of logical connectives
85. Types of logical connectives
86. Examples of missing links
87. Dubious logical connectives
88. Wrong logical connectives
89. Twenty more examples of revision
90. Twenty exercises
91. XIII. Summing it All Up
92. Twenty more examples of revision
93. Twenty more exercises
94. Part Three: Supplementary Examples
95. Forty final exercises
96. Forty final revisions
97. Key to Exercises
98. I. Unnecessary Nouns and Verbs
99. II. Unnecessary Modifiers
100. III. Redundant Twins
101. IV. Saying the Same Thing Twice
102. V. Repeated References to the Same Thing
103. VI. Summing it All Up
104. VII. The Noun Plague
105. VIII. Pronouns and Antecedents
106. IX. The Placement of Phrases and Clauses
107. X. Dangling Modifiers
108. XI. Parallel Structure
109. XII. Logical Connectives
110. XIII. Summing it All Up
111. Selected Bibliography